On November 20, 2015, The Toledo International Center for Peace (CITpax), organised a roundtable under the title “Israeli Perceptions of the Turmoil in the Middle East”. Shlomo Ben Ami, former Foreign Minister of Israel and Vicepresident of CITpax; and Pini Meidan-Shani, former Political Adviser to the Prime Minister of Israel, analysed the political and security challenges in the Middle East. The roundtable gathered a group of experts from the academic world, think tanks and officials from the Spanish Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defense as well as members of the Foreign diplomatic corp in Madrid.